Is drug addiction a disease or a choice Essay

Is drug addiction a disease or a choice? Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have you in any way contemplated whether drug addiction is a disease or a choice? This topic has been very controversial and has brought about many debates to ascertain the whole thing. Many researchers have taken a stand that being a drug addict is completely a disease that only can be cured by taking drugs. On other side, there are other researchers who are for it not being a disease but just a matter of choice. Having considered and carried a lot of research on this controversial issue, my stand remains that drug abuse or drug addict is wholly a matter of choice and not a disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The time one is born, he/she does not know anything. You are introduced into the new world with your own will. The things that one chooses to do at any age are solely his or her own choice. There are many things that happen in this world that may directly or indirectly involve oneself. Everybody has the will to make his or her own decision, to say yes or no to indulgent into some activities. In whatever case, any time that these boundaries are crossed, it becomes a choice that has been made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the world of today, it is very impossible for someone to say that they have never come across or know anybody who is in one way or the other involved in drug abuse or addiction. One could know a person who is a drug abuser, addict or is even contemplating usage of drugs. Though, nobody at any point gets involved with drugs when he/she has not chosen to do so at the startup. When the first decision to either test or use drugs, the decision leads to severe drug addiction or abuse. There are many people who do not know that there is a difference between being a drug addict and a drug abuser. The only fact is that neither of the two is better than the other. Drug addiction is when somebody uses any kind of a substance that is deemed to be dangerous or comes with many dangerous and negative effects. Carl L. et al. on the other hand, Drug abuse is when someone uses a substance or a drug excessively or when they apply it into the purposes that it was not medically intended to. (Hart, Ksir, Ray). According to the researches that have been carried, it is true that one can abuse drugs and he/she has not been addicted to the same but one cannot be addicted to drugs without being an abuser of the same. When a person makes a decision to first use a drug substance, the spiral downward trend begins to take effect on one’s life unless the involved person makes a decision to stop being an addict because also quitting drug usage is also another choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like all the other choices, drug addiction or abuse is influenced by goals and preference. Drug addiction is not gender based and can affect anybody regardless of his/her economic status. The first decision that is made to first start abusing drugs leads to a direction of making decisions that are not right according to other people who are not drug addicts. These decision could involve making a decision to drive a car sometimes even in uncontrollable speed, indulging into unprotected sex, or even take part in some activities that one would not have done normally if they were not under the influence of drugs. The ones who are completely addicted fail to fulfill their obligations at work, home, at school and even to his/her friends. To cite an example of this I shall use a woman who indulged into drug addict only because she had a small fight with her husband. The woman has been a drug addict but now she has fully quitted to be one for more than twenty five years. In an interview, she recalls the time that she firstly made a decision to try cocaine. She states that because of the feeling that resulted from her and her husband she easily made a decision to let someone convince her to take cocaine. From that time, she wanted to try the drug again and again so that she could feel the highness that she had felt the first time she took the drug. For five years, she constantly chased the high feeling. For another one year, she was struggling with the idea of wanting to quit drug but still the high feeling drove her back into the trap. The woman remembers getting some money from her family member and blowing more than two thousand dollars on one day. She became very neglectful towards her kids and also the other family members. Due the circumstances she passed through, ranging from being involved in a drug raid many times, the fear that her kids were going through hard times, she decided to go for a rehab. This is a decision that she also made to herself without being forced by anyone to do so. In the interview with the woman, she was asked whether she believed that drug addiction was a matter of choice or a disease. She responded by saying that it was solely a matter of choice because on her case nobody had forced her to became an addict each time that she used the drug she knew of the adverse effect that comes with the same and also she realized how her family were being affected yet continued taking cocaine. When she was asked if she accepted the full responsibility for all her actions, she responded â€Å"yes†. She said that it could be wrong to blame other for her own choices and she put it clear that it was her choice to start using the drugs as it was in quitting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The drug addiction support group suggests that no matter the drug of choice, counseling, treatments and other kind of intervention are necessary for any addict to return to their normal and healthy lifestyles. It is clear that there are some other factors that need to be considered by the drug addicts so that they can not only remain clean but also drug free. One should make it clear to choose on the friends that he/she hanged up with, the places that one spends his/her leisure time, and the things that one does that could lead them to become drug users or rather abusers and addicts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, drug use is a willful commitment or a choice just like choosing or dedicating oneself to complete a college education or choosing to join a certain club. Even though heavy consumption of drug is self destructive and foolish, it is a matter of choice. The addiction has no specific people who are affected, no matter whether a person is nice, weak, educated, rich or poor they can all be tempted to make the choice of becoming drug addicts by merely being convinced by what they may think is a high and good feeling but undermining the fact that they are destructing their bodies. When some individuals try to label the drug addict as the ones who have some kind of a brain disease, it is a big insult to the ones who truly have the disease but have not chosen to indulge in drug abusing activities. All the people that are drug abusers should accept the responsibility for their own choices. Every time that a person decides whether to ac quire the drugs for money or by use of other means, they have not been forced by anybody, it is xjust their own choice and no one else should be blamed for this. The ones that have decided to stop drug addiction; they have done so because they chose to do so. Owing to all these arguments, my stand remains that drug addiction is a matter of choice and not a disease. Reference Hart, Ksir, Ray (2013) Drug, society, and Human Behavior: McGraw-Hill Source document

Discrimination †Gender Essay

Write a 100- to 200-word response to each of the following questions. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is discrimination? How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of predjudice or for other arbitrary reasons. Discrimination is different from predjudice and stereotyping because discrimination are actual negative actions towards the objects of predjudice. Stereotype is an unreliable generalization of members of a particular group and predjudice is a negative attitude and emotion response to members of a group. †¢ What are the causes of discrimination? Discrimination can be caused from learned behavior If you grew up in a home where your parents discriminated against others, then your more than Likely to do the same thing. Growing up in a neighborhood where there are mostly people of the same race and members of a different race coming into your neighborhood can cause discrimination. I also believe ignorance is probably one of the main causes of discrimination people are blind to the fact that we are all human beings and have feelings and everyone should be treated the same regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, oreientation, disability etc. †¢ How is discrimination faced by one identity group (race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability) the same as discrimination faced by another? How are they different? I would agree that sexual orientation and gender face similar discrimination if you are gay, straight transgender people will look at you in disgust they will treat you differently and deny certain rights llke getting a job, marrying, and many more gender can be similar in the sense that you can be denied certain job positions and be incapable of performing certain duties especially a female who tries to attempt to do a job that is usually done by a man. I think the difference in the two is sexual orientation is a much bigger problem and strict laws have been put into effect for people who discriminate against gays, transgender, lesbians and they are still continuing to fight for equal rights today like getting married as far as gender if you’re male and female you have that right automaticall, whereas the gay community doesn’t. Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed. ) (Schaefer).

Henry Grantt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Grantt - Essay Example ("Wikipedia") Upon graduating from the John Hopkins College, Gantt worked as a schoolteacher and draughtsman. He then pursued mechanical engineering and was employed by Midvale Steel and Bethlehem Steel in 1887. In these companies, he worked as a management consultant in collaboration with Frederick W. Taylor, known as the father of Scientific Management. ("Wikipedia") Gantt became influential during the early 1900s when his proposed management theories and tools where broadly recognized in the world of business. As one of the pioneers of the Scientific Management movement, Gantt believes that management problems should be studied according to scientific methods. This entails the elimination of guesswork, setting a proper task for each man and allocating apt rewards for the achievement of assigned tasks. (Gaus) His most prominent legacy to the management discipline is the Gantt chart, an important tool in project management. Aside from this, Gantt also focused on developing motivational schemes, reward systems, methods of measuring efficiency as well as the importance of leadership qualities and management skills in building effective industrial organizations. ("Gurus") Gantt is recognized as a forerunner of the Human Relations School of Management. He "humanized" the prevailing salary scheme during those times, which was based on Taylor's piece-rate system, by developing a pay incentive scheme comprising of a guaranteed minimum wage plus bonus system ("Gurus"). With Gantt's proposed wage program, bonuses are provided for workers who accomplished their jobs in less time than the benchmark set (Higgins). This served as the motivating factor for workers to strive to become more productive in completing assigned tasks. He advocated this type of incentive scheme because he deemed that this would result in the congruency of interests of both employers and employees. He believed that organizational efficiency could be substantially enhanced by further improving the productivity of workers in the same pace as that of production technology. (Knoedler) In terms of employee training, Gantt disagreed with Taylor's vision that the purpose of training was primarily to assist employees in learning and perfecting rudimentary tasks. During his stint as management consultant, he permitted machinists to experiment with new methods until they were able to discover innovative means of improving their productivity and earning bonus based on the quality of their performance. (Knoedler) Given these findings, Gantt had indeed refined and expanded the human resource management theories asserted by Taylor (Henderson). Furthermore, he believed that all corporate undertakings should be in line with human nature. Gantt posited, "We cannot drive people; we must direct their development." ("Professional Development in Private Sector") Gantt's influence on wage incentive and training schemes is still remarkable until now. Nowadays, companies tend to relate their bonuses and other benefits on employee performance which in return is based on the meeting of specific objectives or targets set for each employee. Moreover, companies provide relevant trainings and seminars for

Community Issue Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Issue Article - Essay Example The leading cause of pollution within urban areas is road transport, which accounts for more than 53 thousand premature deaths. Air pollution refers to the transfer of harmful and discomforting materials in the atmosphere and the environment. Air pollution has been one of the significant environmental issues affecting communities in United States since the advent of industrialization. Increased populations in the urban areas and traffic crowding have increased the toxic chemicals in the air within the cities. This traffic-caused pollution is associated with the likelihood of cancer together with pregnancy problems. Many of industries and power generation plants within the neighborhoods of United States communities emit harmful chemicals into the air. Though these companies assist in the development of the country’s economy, the emissions have adverse effects on people’s health. Scientific studies have also shown that a person’s risk of getting stroke can increase by 30% if they encounter ‘moderate’ amount of air pollution on a daily basis. The adverse effects of air pollution have attracted political and scientific attention. The evidence associating air pollution to premature deaths has made the nation wake up and realize that air pollution is a significant community issue in the urban areas and something need to be done to address it. According to a report by the Voice of America (1), people who die prematurely due to air pollution always die a decade earlier than they would have died. Premature deaths are prevalent in densely populated regions, which increase residential air pollution through heating and cooking emissions. This is most prevalent in the West and East coasts of United States. Air pollution from industries and power generating industries seem to be high and prevalent in Detroit, Chicago and Philadelphia. Gulf coast regions have high air pollution levels

Strategic leadership in changing world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic leadership in changing world - Essay Example The paradox strategy is explained further by the porter’s assumptions about the significant of generic strategies and Raynor assumptions that these strategies have a higher risk of bankruptcy (Eldring 2009:17). Hamel assumes that strategy is a stretch that considers the essential paradox on the leadership that cannot be entirely planned and does not occur in the lack of a clearly spoken and widely shared aspiration. Organizations with hybrid strategies may not be successful in the industry, but they lower risk of running into financial crisis. This is the essence of the strategy paradox and complementation to Porter’s findings, who did not take the risk variable into account. Organizations with hybrid strategies are much less exposed to strategic uncertainty than the organizations with pure strategies. Porter argued that it is an unwillingness to make choice that organization choose for a hybrid strategy, but rather a diverse and risk averse approach can be risk in the organization (Porter, 2008:26). Meanwhile, market based view on the work of Michael porter will be discussed and it assumes that profitability is established mainly by the structure of the industry in which the company operates. The industry structure is evaluated based on the five-force framework. Consequently, the RBV strategy is associated with the works of Hamel that focuses on the competitive advantage in the organization, but use an inside out approach. Meanwhile, it is the starting point for organization’s internal environment and is viewed as the alternative perspective to Porters five forces framework that considered as the industry structure (Delfmann 2005: 226). PORTER (MBV) Porters argue that industry structures within organization are positioned against structure that determines how profitable individual firms should be. In the MBV framework, it is a critical task to analyze the industry structure to establish an ideal positioning and align value chain positionin g in the organization (Delfmann 2005: 226). Porter identified three generic strategies that include differentiation, cost leadership and concentration on selected areas to explain its positioning strategy. Thus, the significant critique of the MBV is based on its outside in perspective because it does not consider company internal aspect. Porters point out that the MBV has the significant impact on the strategic business unit level. He argues that this approach provides an efficient model of evaluating the nature of competition within an industry. Based on the MBV perspective, competitive advantage arises from an organizational dominance position within its industry. Thus, organizations can achieve a dominant position by employing a generic strategy (Weigl 2008: 90). The organizations with this dominant position produce monopoly rents since they thrived in restraining productive output. Porter argues that monopoly rents can be produced by intentionally restricting output in respect to competitive levels. Meanwhile, it can include the analysis of behavior and in respect to market position of competitors. The MBV helps the firm to position in its environment, create barriers for competitors, and protects its business. Therefore, the organization can exercise market power and earn monopoly rents. Meanwhile, Porter develops

Ethical Argument (Should Roe Vs. Wade be overturned) Should Abortion Essay

Ethical Argument (Should Roe Vs. Wade be overturned) Should Abortion be outlawed - Essay Example Should Roe v Wade be overturned? Absolutely not: this essay will look at the ethical dubiousness of the pro-life position, before highlighting the fundamental difference between the pro-life and pro-choice positions, to show that criminalizing abortion in modern America would subvert our self-image as the land of the free. In the twenty-first century, it is entirely invalid to use religious justifications to deny bodily autonomy to fully half the population – most pro-life arguments boil down to a Biblical belief that life begins at conception, which is a personal matter and not one that should affect people who do not necessarily hold the same belief. It is also an ineffective argument, as according to the Guttmacher Institute, Catholic women have abortions at about the same rate as non-Catholic women. Furthermore, the pro-life movement has undermined itself through conscious lies and hypocritical violence: House Bill 1210 in Indiana demands that a doctor tells a woman seekin g an abortion of â€Å"the possibility of increased risk of breast cancer following an induced abortion† (HB 1210), even though the American Cancer Society has found no â€Å"cause-and-effect relationship between abortion and breast cancer†.

Economic Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economic Geography - Essay Example hat resurfaced between the US and Europe was among the significant initiatives directed at fostering the success of trade between US and the EU countries. The United States trades with a number of countries in diverse regions, top among them being China and EU countries. The extent of trade between the US and China, for instance, is notably expansive. The trade between America and EU countries is much higher than that involving America and China. It is notable that in the elimination of trade barriers, there is a likelihood that trade would increase between any two or more partners in the exchange network. Uplifting tariffs and drawbacks that may deter trade among partners in any trade relationship promotes imports and exports. According to Ewing, the free-trade agreement between the two regions has a past record but never achieved success for nearly a decade (Ewing 1). The deal, if implemented, would create massive and appreciated economic effect in Europe and the United States. The two, Europe and the United States, are strong partners in trade. According to leaders from the European Union, the pact would cause a serious economic growth in the two regions and encourage President Obama to channel for the agreement. Besides the pressure from European Union leaders, corporations and other businesses in Europe are bargaining to have the pact operational. By November 2012, there were low charges, in the form of tariffs, for trade between the US and EU countries. However, signing a free-trade deal by the two parties would be beneficial for businesses and companies dealing in large amount of goods in the trans-Atlantic business region. According to Karan Bhatia, who served as a trade representative for the US, the free-trade deal would create a substantial contribution to trade in the history of trade between EU and the US. In addition, the pact would not be costly for the taxpayers, according to Bhatia. Despite the predicted low opposition towards the coming into

Change Plan at Marwah School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Change Plan at Marwah School - Essay Example It is identified that the Reading skills need to be improved and sustained over grades 1 to 3 to achieve better results in the higher grades and this is reiterated by the study of the best practices in other schools and regions which have addressed a similar problem. The action plan considers the different phases and the key performance indicators that can be useful to assess the success of the implementation of the plan. It is concluded that the action plan needs to be planned for a period of three years and regular training programs conducted for ensuring the quality of teaching. Summative financial resources needed to be allocated for implementing the program are also considered with a plan to ensure commitment from all stakeholders in making this plan for change a sustainable success. 1. Introduction- This report is aimed at studying the present scenario in the Al Marwah Primary School related to its effectiveness in imparting education at the primary school level. The performances of schools in four different categories are compared in the various subjects of Mathematics, Science, English Reading, English Writing, Arabic Reading and Arabic Writing. ... ii. Planning iii. Execution iv. Monitoring v. Enhancement 7. Key performance indicators 8. Conclusions and recommendations References 1. Introduction- This report is aimed at studying the present scenario in the Al Marwah Primary School related to its effectiveness in imparting education at the primary school level. The performances of schools in four different categories are compared in the various subjects of Mathematics, Science, English Reading, English Writing, Arabic Reading and Arabic Writing. The grades, standardized scores and test scores obtained in these different areas by the various school categories are studied and analyzed for further action at the Al Marwah School. Probable weaknesses are identified from within these statistics and the problem areas are identified. Further, a contingency plan is framed and recommended for implementation at the Al Marwah school, which is necessary for addressing the identified problem. The various departments that are required to be involved in the implementation along with the duration of the plan is also discussed for a clear understanding of the importance of the contingency plan and the participation required by the concerned stakeholders to make the plan a success. Further, the target objectives and monitoring techniques and strategies recommended would also be discussed at length which can be considered to give a clear practical direction to the action plan. The report also studies any best practices in identifying and implementing an action plan for the trends observed in the education sector of the Gulf as well as other parts of the world. The objectives of imparting education in the different parts of the world when considered can give a comprehensive idea of the needs or requirements of the student

Oil And Gas Industry Essay Example for Free

Oil And Gas Industry Essay Petroleum in one form or other has always been the most useful natural resource of man. More than four thousand years ago, Herodotus, a Greek historian of 5th century B. C. E and Diodrus Siculus, a historian of Agyrim Sicily in C A 90 B C– C A 30 B C discovered that Babylon were using Asphalt black substance found in Petroleum during the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon. In 1410 AD, native Americans were harvesting the oil for medicinal purposes. It was in 1859, in the quite farm country of North Western Pennsylvania that the drilling of the first most important crucial oil well took place. This well began to be known as the Drake Well after the name of Colonel Edwin Drake, the man who gave the idea of drilling the well for commercial use. This was the first phase of the history of Oil Industry, which gave new lease to our lives. (The Paleontological Research Institution, The History of Oil) Today, the Oil and Gas Industry has touched every sphere of our lives. It is the most depleted and yet the most used natural resource by the economies all around the world. With the increase in new explorations and technological developments, the natural oil and gas production is increasing at the rate of two billion cubic feet a day, and currently Devon Energy is one of the largest and independent oil and gas producers in the United States. Based in Oklahoma City, it is supplying three percent of the gas consumed in North America and producing 600,000 barrels of oil a day. The company is also drilling more than 2000 oil wells every year in North America in an area stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the northernmost reaches of Canada. (O G Next Generation Oil and Gas, 2007) There are many unpredictable reasons, like over all economic growth, continuous development in technology, change in energy prices, change in weather patterns and public policy decisions which led to the changes in the levels of production and in demand and supply. According to Energy Information Administration projections from 2007 to 2030, the total production of domestic liquid embracing crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery processing gains and other refinery inputs, is expected to see a tremendous increase. The reason behind the increase is the growth in refinery processing and other refinery inputs. It is projected that this growth will compensate any predicted reduction in crude oil production after 2017. This increase in the production owes to some extent to the high tech oil recovery methods, the increase in the production in the deep waters in Gulf of Mexico, higher resource assumptions for the Bakken Shale formation in the Williston Basin. (Energy Information Administration, 2007) As per the AEO2007 reference case, the total domestic natural gas production including the supply of supplement natural gas reflects an increase from 18. 3 trillion cubic feet in 2005 to 21. trillion cubic feet in 2022. (Energy Information Administration, 2007) This clearly shows that in-spite of the factors that have led to the increase in the energy prices since 2000, the growing influence of developing countries on world-wide energy requirements, enactment of legislation and regulations in the United States, the rising need for the alternative source of energy and the need for the energy technologies did not hamper the growth of Oil and Gas Industry. United States of America is one of the largest economies in the world with the per capita Gross Domestic Product to be $43,500. The Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). The economy of America depends on the crude oil for fuels to be used in the transportation purpose. Seeing the current economic scenario and increase in the demand for the fuel, the demand for the light oil production all over the world is expected to increase and will reach to the point where supply of the oil will going to be far less than the demand. This will result in the imbalance in the supply and increase in the price of oil and fuel especially for military and strategic purposes. More than 60 per cent of the fuel requirements of United States of America is met by imports and at this current state of affairs, United States of America have to bear the cost at price level of $55/Bbl could be increased twice, from 9. 9 MM Bbl/d to nearly 20 MM Bbls/dby2025. (Online Edition) As the imports will increase, there is every possibility that America could face price shocks, supply disruptions, and fuels shortages. According to the EIA/AEO estimates, the average import price of oil from 2005 to 2020 could make United State Gross Domestic product to reduce by more than $ 1. 1 trillion. The department of Energy and the honorable President of America suggested that the need of the hour is to rely on the domestic sources for the increase in the liquid supplies. (Online Edition) And the best source is the production of Shale Oils; converted into liquid fuels, provide fuel for the transportation of military and civilian purposes. Currently the Oil shale resources can be found in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah and hope is on the anvil that with the efforts of the Government, industry and other stakeholders, the oil shale production can reach 2 MM Bbl/D by 2020. The prices of the Crude Oil which have been showing an increase since last two months is expected to reach at the pinnacle of its monthly average price in August. The RAC of crude oil in 2007 is estimated at the rate of 64. 86 per barrel as compared to $ 60. 23 per barrel in 2006 and in 2008 is expected to be 68. 75 per barrel. This increase is due to the tight world oil supply and demand balance. 2007 can witness the increase in the total gas consumption by 4 percent and the LNG imports can go up to 850 bcf, which would be a record in upper scale. This is clear from the fact that despite the increase in the demand of bio-fuels and other non-hydroelectric renewable energy sources and subsequently the construction of new nuclear power plants, the Oil and Gas Industry is expected to supply same 86-percent share of the total U. S. primary energy in 2030, which they were giving in 2005 Year after year, there has been very less growth in retail sales to just 3. 2% year in April whereas there has been increase in the gas stations. Because of the growth of wholesale energy prices to 3. 4 per cent, the Producer Price Index (PPI) increased to 0. % in April. Due to the increase in oil prices and stable demand, there was a trade deficit by $6 billion. (Pod cast Directory, 2007). According to Chicago Fed’s annual Automotive Outlook Symposium, the economic growth in 2007 is seen to be slower than in 2006, with inflation and the unemployment rate increased. The prices of the Energy also increased in the middle months of 2006, but after that they fell, at an average of $60 per barrel in the fourth quarter. This led to the increase in inflation by 1. 9 per cent as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is less than 3. per cent than previous year. (Strauss Engel, 2007) This phrase â€Å"Oil flows the Nation grows† is evidently true when it comes to Oil and Gas. The increase in the price of Oil also increases the over all Consumer Price Index, especially in September 2005, which was 1. 2 per cent, highest in 25 years. The increase in imports of energy increases the trade deficit, on the average the increase in oil prices to 10 per cent leads to 150,000 Americans to lose their jobs, and over and above we have to loose between $80 billion and $160 billion in economic growth. In September 2005, it was estimated that 40 percent increase in gas prices reduced the total domestic consumption by 0. 4 percent and the GDP fell to an estimated 0. 9 percent. In fact even the Consumer spending was reduced. But there is an increase in the profits among the major players in Oil and Industry. Only in the beginning of 2005, the five largest oil companies were making profits of $52. 2 billion, which was less in 2004, only $39. 5 billion. (Democrats Policy Committee, 2005). The study on the impact of Oil Price by An International Energy Agency in 2004 revealed that the repercussions of the high prices on economy will be minimum and this proves to be as High oil prices became most important macro economic variable. It is apparently quite clear that with the new technologies are in the offing, the Oil and gas Industry will strike more. The earnings from the Industry are being invested in new technology, new production, and environmental and product quality improvements to meet the requirements of Generation next. According the Oil Gas Journal estimates, the Industry spends $85. 7 billion in 2005, whereas in 2004 it spend just $80. 7 billion in 2004 and in 2003 $75. 5 billion. (Cavaney, 2006). The threat to the Oil Industry is from the alternative sources of energy like bio fuels and other non-hydroelectric renewable energy sources and subsequently the construction of new nuclear power plants, yet the Oil and Gas Industry is expected to supply same 86-percent share of the total U.  S. primary energy in 2030, which they were giving in 2005. (Energy Information Administration, 2007). As the study above reveals that though the production of oil and gas is on the increase but it is not able to meet the demand and to maintain a balance between the demand and supply, The Government and Energy department is taking initiative to increase in the Shale Oils for liquid fuels.

Factors Affecting Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Organizational Structure Essay A companys organizational structure can determine its success or failure upon entry into the market. The decisions a small-business owner makes in choosing management and employee roles within the company help determine the organizational structure and can have a large influence on the culture within the business. If structure doesnt reflect the owners business goals, employees may have a hard time working successfully for the company. Change management process Research-based, holistic model for managing the people side of changewww. change-management.com Size of Business As a small-business owner, the size of your company can have a significant influence on the organizational structure of your company. If youre running a sole proprietorship with a few employees, you may not even need a well-defined organizational structure if you perform all the management functions of the business. A larger organization requires more structure to allow its different components to communicate effectively with one another. For example, a full-service restaurant requires a kitchen manager, floor manager, bar manager and general manager to run each division within the establishment and keep the employees in each division working to task. Stage of Development The stage of your companys development can dictate its needs regarding organizational structure. The youth stage of a companys life cycle emphasizes growth and the needs of the customer. This may require you as a business owner to develop an organizational structure around increased customer service, including a system to handle complaints and develop better service strategies. At this stage youre still very much in control of the majority of the companys day-to-day business decisions. By contrast, in the midlife stage of development, your company may require more levels of management to handle the growing departments with the company. Organizational structure may feel more mechanized with you as the owner somewhat removed from the day-to-day running of the company. Reflecting Organizational Culture The business culture you wish to project to your employees can dictate aspects of your companys organizational structure. For example, a company with multiple redundancies in the management infrastructure may prize procedure- and rule-following, whereas a company with a more lax management approach may encourage a culture of personal ownership among employees. Each culture has its place and benefits. A construction or manufacturing company has greater need of organizational structure and redundancy in the management infrastructure than a law firm where employees are working independently under the loose rubric of senior partners in management roles. Overall Business Strategy How your company intends to enter the market and become successful can play a role in how you choose to set up its organizational structure. For example, an aggressive marketing and product-placement strategy may require multiple department heads to coordinate efforts and ensure no portion of the companys larger plan lags behind the rest. Alternatively, a more methodical development strategy may require a smaller, more focused organizational structure, so you can actively monitor all the details of a plan and survey progress.

Implications of Internet Piracy

Implications of Internet Piracy Internet Piracy â€Å"Internet piracy in the digital age has put great pressure on both the individual and the organization within the modern business world. Ethically and morally Internet piracy is regarded as a negative force on business and the way in which companies do business. Moreover, there is increasing pressure on governments and world leaders to set up, administer and enforce laws that minimize the use of Internet piracy for illegal and destructive behavior. As the Internet is expanding and opening up in new markets, aiding faster live online connection throughout the world, it increases accessibility to software and information (Balkin, 2008; De Castro Shephard, 2008). In turn, this accessibility issue is one that many businesses may fail to address thereby leading to insufficiently protected and encrypted software. Internet piracy has arguably paved the path for software development demand, making it a very lucrative business (Balkin, 2008)†. â€Å"Web Piracy has developed into a phenomenon due to created Web systems as well as file-sharing programs. With all the expansion on the Web plus the elevated quantity of Web people in the world, the globe is becoming too many digitalized. Customers are expecting electronic data being easily accessible on the effect of a key. It has caused an astounding need with regard to electronic merchandise, where by piracy has become on the lead on the file-sharing phenomena. Napster, KaZaA as well as Microsoft include just about all also been in a negative way suffering from Web piracy. Even so, through the ashes connected with been unsuccessful business ventures theres still also been some sort of need by simply Web users with regard to available, inexpensive legal answers from the dominion connected with electronic advertising. It has just about all stimulated the progression connected with brand-new technologies, experienced entrepreneurship, as well as organizations which right now har vest the benefits of studying via some others errors, re-organizing company products as well as adjusting the way company is conducted in the modern world despite the fact that Web piracy is always uncontrolled. This specific thesis suggests which Web piracy is really a primary drivers with regard to Entrepreneurship in a few ways from the creation connected with brand-new thoughts and the springboard with regard to brand-new organizations as well as a frontrunner connected with engineering†. â€Å"Dahlstrom et al. (2006) discuss the technological Internet piracy phenomenon from the beginning of its presence on the Internet. Choi and Perez (2007) go a step further and take into account the fact that Internet piracy has existed since the Internet was chiefly used as a distribution tool for researchers at universities and government institutions. It is important to note however, that this copying and sharing of information was not originally referred to as ‘Internet piracy’. It was an important way for academics and government officials to share important information. Choi and Perez (2007) state that due to software mainly being open source code it was free and easily distributed and only when software companies started putting a price tag on their products, did Internet piracy become a regularly used word in the IT vernacular. This in turn has made Internet piracy a large and worldwide phenomenon, which greatly affects us all and has greatly influenced the de velopment of this thesis†. â€Å"Napster’s good results started out using Fanning’s perspective in order to shut the particular difference concerning supply in addition to require within the songs sector. Napster earned the latest time connected with file-sharing using todays technology by using the internet in addition to therefore solved the particular indexing issue connected with looking for songs as a result of normal Google search motors. (Oram, 2001). Napster perhaps created a new require with the supply connected with contributed digital mass media and also the availability of this. This problem in this was the particular violation on the copyrighted product. Although Napster created the latest form of technologies pertaining to document discussing this would not occur without having the problems; Internet piracy includes a negative significance inside the particular songs organization simply because eliminate buyers, profits and it probably likewise loss their reputation in addition to brand name. (Gupta, Kamala Srinivasan, 2005) While P4 mentions, the particular change in which Napster produced built the particular record companies think in addition to â€Å"It can force the particular record-labels in order to confirm in addition to match the buyers. † This fight Internet piracy is constant and it isnt going to seem like Internet piracy web-sites in addition to related application can vanish any moment rapidly because of the particular excessive file-sharers and also the require pertaining to readily readily available on-line items†. â€Å"Provided that there exists a require as well as a supply which can be met as a result of P2P in addition to Bit Torrent technologies in addition to request there will be an opportunity pertaining to Internet piracy and it is people to produce the particular mass media readily available (Gibert, 2010). Napster noticed enable you to lower the particular require by simply increasing the particular supply; sadly this would not look at the lawful implications which could comply with. Even so, a large handful of application companies who have revolutionized the particular market segments using lawful alternatives – Apple company Inc. in addition to Spotify for instance. While P6 expresses: â€Å"Would weve designed remedies like iTunes Spotify devoid of the behavior connected with cutthroat buccaneers and also the lawful behavior attempting to stop piracy? We could dispute that any of us have seen the particular growth connected with application techniques in addition to economic designs good social-technical-legal-political situation in addition to consequently we could dispute in which piracy devices a few varieties of scientific progress†Ã¢â‚¬ . â€Å"Warner (2002), Picard (2005) along with Roth (2004) just about all focus on the implications connected with new technological know-how and also the popular distribution connected with software package, audio along with video tutorials on the net. Especially, many people tackle the Bit Torrent along with P2P technological know-how. Bit Torrent along with P2P was being connected with considerable importance on the improvement connected with record revealing technological know-how. Konigsberg (2002) looks at these technological know-how comprehensive along with explains the worthiness the technological know-how (and the cause code with the applications) have had for the emergence connected with record revealing software and also the Net. With nowadays, several important celebrities inside Net record revealing sector come about: Rimmer (2005) as an illustration, looks at the implications the Napster application got for the hiburan sector and also the technique these kinds of corpo rations treated Net piracy. Honigsberg (2002) additionally looks at legislation meets along with implications set forth simply by the hiburan businesses exactly who sued along with picked up legitimate fights towards Napster, KaZaA as well as other record revealing real estate agents†. â€Å"Strangely enough, World Wide Web piracy does help the particular progress regarding fresh technological innovation as well as aid in entrepreneurial growth. And also assisting organizational growth yet at the same time placing key obstacles in the way on their behalf. The entire world has to come across stability in which buccaneers tend to be definitely not hunted as witches, but some common soil ought to be fixed specifically simply by authorities as well as lawmakers as a way to target the World Wide Web piracy phenomenon. From the research regarding the way it is studies, it is obvious in which even when technological innovation is not blatantly designed for piracy it could all of which will whenever possible provide for your function. World Wide Web Piracy nevertheless, in addition has allowed pertaining to technical developments that we might or else not have observed. Finally, piracy possesses in many circumstances started out fresh opportunities pertaining to business people with whom are actually capable of utilize the fresh technological innovation pertaining to authorized as well as effective business†. â€Å"References and Bibliography :- Balk in, D., B., De Castro, J., O. and Shepherd, D., A., (2008): Can entrepreneurial firms benefit from product piracy?. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 75-90. Beckman, E. (Responsible publisher), Pettersson, B. (Broadcast producer) (2012). Chin., W., W., Khalifa, M. and Limayem, M., (2004): Factors motivating software piracy: a longitudinal study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 51, No. 4. Choi, D.Y. and Perez, A., (2007): Online piracy, innovation, and legitimate business models. Technovation, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 168-178. Darity, W., A., Jr., (2008): Demand. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 268-271. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. McDonald, V., L., (2009): Before-and-After Case Study Design, in A., J., Mills, G., Durepos E., Wiebe (eds), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 52-5. Oram, A., (2001): Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies. OReilly Media, p. 448. Porter, T., (2006): Practical VoIP Security. Rockland, MA: Syngress. Rao, L., (2011): Skype Revenue Up 20 Percent To $860M In 2010; Paid Users Up 19 Percent. TechCrunch, available at: http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/07/skype-revenue-up-20-percent-to-860m-in-2010-paid-users-up-19-percent/, viewed 25 April 2012. Rimmer, M., (2005): Hail to the Thief: A Tribute to KaZaA. University of Ottawa Law and Technology Journal, Volume 2, No 1, pp. 173 – 218.Internet Piracy and Entrepreneurial Growth Andersson, Eventorn, Nilsson 55 Warner, M., (2002): The New Napsters. Fortune, 146, 3, pp. 115-116.es†.

The Origin of the Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Racism, Civil Rights,

Before one woman refused to head to the back of the bus, before there was a voice to peacefully express the dream, before Jim Crow was scared away, there were organizations, fighters and events that contributed to the advancement of African Americans. As W.E.B. Du Bois provided the diving board that would allow blacks to dive into the pool of equality, he is found at the origin of the Civil Rights Movement. The Pan-Africanism movement, the rage following the Red Summer, and the Great Migration continued the efforts of W.E.B. Du Bois. The bold and striking words and actions of Marcus Garvey showed whites that blacks would not be called an inferior race any longer. Following World War II, many bounds toward racial equality were made and Brown versus the Board of Education poured gasoline onto the civil rights fire. Around 1900, many U.S. historians released theories proclaiming the racial inferiority of blacks, and discrimination against southern blacks became even more widespread throughout the early 1900s. Every southern state required racial segregation on trains and in churches, schools, hotels, restaurants, theaters, and other public places. The southern states also adopted an election practice known as the white primary. This process banned blacks from voting in the Democratic Party’s primary election by calling them â€Å"private affairs.† By 1910, every southern state was, if they had not already, in the process of revoking suffrage from African Americans, and the Ku Klux Klan enforced this (Forces). The Ku Klux Klan attempted to keep blacks from voting through an increased use of threats, beatings, and killings. More than 3,000 blacks had been lynched during the late 1800s, and hundreds more ... ...rmined to keep and expand these gains. NAACP membership soared from 51,000 in 1940 to 351,000 in 1945; this made it possible for the relentless organization to expand its activities. Because of both rising black income and the efforts of the United Negro College Fund, founded in 1950, giving blacks a much broader base for their future leadership. As the years slowly passed by, black triumphs added up (Levine 171) The most significant victory for African American civil rights during the 1950’s was the Supreme Courts ruling in the Brown versus the Board of Education ruling, which declared separate but equal unconstitutional. It was a great victory for the NAACP and for Black America. The victory in the courtroom, however, was not manifested until many years later as the majority of school districts continued their segregationist policies across America.

The Sound And The Fury (madison Scouts) :: essays research papers fc

The roar of extreme sound emanates from a football field. It is clear that this is not an ordinary high school marching band playing at a football game. These are Drum and Bugle Corps, boasting an instrumentation of all brass and percussion instruments. This arrangement of instruments can create an enormous amount of sound, sometimes louder than a rock music concert. Due to their thorough auditioning processes, they have a group of musicians, who can play extremely well, all of whom are brought together to entertain the crowds on their three month tour in the summer. Their goal is not just entertainment, but to end up on the top of the order when all is said and done at the championships. In 1972, several Drum and Bugle corps, who wanted to perform competitively against each other, embarked on a venture to create their own rules of performance. The original rules were set forth by the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars posts, from whom competitive Drum Corps w!as given birth. The competing units had little to say in any modification of rules. From this new coalition, Drum Corps International (DCI) arose. The Madison Scouts, one of these charter members of DCI, were originally formed as a division of a Boy Scout troop in 1938, so that Madison would have their own Drum and Bugle Corps to resemble the Racine Scouts Corps. Each year 125 men, ages sixteen to twenty-one, come together for three months, practicing an average of eight hours every day in the summer, to put together the production for the coming competitive season. Each year the Madison Scouts thrill audiences with their talent and power, creativity, and an emphasis on entertainment to consistently become one of the crowds' favorite corps.Amazing us with the sound they can generate, the Madison Scouts are known as "The guys who can blow the corks right out of their spit valves". This is an unattainable feat, unless you are using tremendous amounts of air and pressure most professional players cannot do this. The Madison Scouts are noted for tapping into this unbridled power which their musicians possess. They utilize extreme variation in dynamic levels. Like adjusting the volume on a stereo, this is how loud and soft the ensemble gets as a whole. They create an atmosphere on the football field which draws in the audience. Their soprano bugles are renowned for pushing the limits of their playable range by not only playing high "C", but going further to play high "G" above high "C".

Health Care Careers Diagram and Summary Essay

What is a Physical Therapist do? Each of us has an important role in health care field whether a Pharmacist, Technician, Lab Scientist, Therapist, Nurses, Doctors, and other health care professionals. They have one purpose to provide the best quality of care to the patients with compassionate and respect. They are guided by the rules and guidelines set up by the state and federal government to maintain proper standards and update the techniques concerning healthcare delivery. Career Description. Physical therapists sometimes referred to as PTs, help people who have injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012). PT plays an important role in rehabilitation and gives treatment to the patients with chronic conditions or injuries. They diagnose the patients’ dysfunctional movements by watching them walk, stand, balance, coordination, strength, range of motion and many more. Physical therapists work as part of a healthcare team, overseeing the work of physical therapist assistants and aides and consulting with physicians and surgeons and other specialists (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012). They work in wellness-programs to encourage everyone for more active lifestyles. They also establish appropriate plan of care, depending on the patients condition whether it is a neurological case, orthopedic case, sports injury, pediatrics, geriatrics, sports, and others. Services Provided. Physical therapist services are wide range from acute care hospital, sub-acute care, skilled nursing facility, home health, and outpatient care. Their work varies with the type of patients they serve. Orthopedic/Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation is one of the services they provided, whereas they focus on all types of musculoskeletal conditions of the entire spine and extremities. Another one is Vestibular Rehabilitation, which is more on balance, dizziness, motion sensitivity, and vertigo rehab. Workforce roles within the services and products. The rehabilitation team is composed of a physical therapist, physical therapist assistant and rehabilitation aide. Usually physical therapist is the head of the team with at least a bachelors, doctorate, or masters’ degree in physical therapy. They do the initial evaluations and assessment of the patient upon admission. They also establish the care plan (long-term goals and short-term, as well as set up the treatment guidelines and parameters. The PTA’s job is to carry out the treatment following the plan care set by the therapist, unless the treatment requires a specialization by a PT for example, manual mobilization, myofascial release techniques, and many more. The rehab aide’s job is to help maintain the rehab facility or gym. They could also assist in treatments with direct supervision by PT. They could also help by doing aftercare after the PT or PTA works with the patient, or do desk jobs like scheduling patients, whereas no degree or license is required to work as a rehab aide. Impact of Physical therapist on the health care organizations. The therapist importance and influence on the health care system is very crucial, by doing therapy they help and guide the patients to return on their prior level of function and achieve their max potential. They also help prevent re-injury because of poor management of the healing process, by setting up the right exercises, depending on the patients level, stage of healing, and comorbidities that comes with the patient. Therapist also help by giving an alternative form of disease healing and pain management, for example a patient who has arthritic pain on B knees that has been dependent on strong pain medicine. Therapy can use physical agents and modalities, like heat, cold, ultrasound, and right amount of exercises to engage week muscles and promote improved mobility. Conclusion Health care providers have different roles in health care industry. Each of them has a special purpose on how to give a better treatment, care, and diagnosis to the patients. Through proper education and training, they will be able to provide what the patients needs. Health care professionals have one goal, which is to make the patient better and help them live a quality and healthy life. Appendix A: Figure 1 – Diagram of Physical Therapist roles and functions in the health care community. Figure 1 describe as the role of MD, PT, PTA, and rehab aide with regard to patient care. First the referring MD makes the prescription for the patient to be admitted to physical therapy. The physical therapist checks the prescription initiate evaluation, assessment, and establish plan of care. The PT could proceed with the treatment himself or pass to the PTA. The PTA’s job is to initiate the treatment program following the goals and treatment parameters set up by the PT. Rehab aide assist the PT or PTA during treatment and helps with scheduling patient visits as well as monitor insurance coverage for the patient. References Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2012, April 6). What Physical Therapists Do. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapists.htm#tab-2 PT1. (2013). Physical Therapy One. Retrieved from http://www.physicaltherapyone.net/services

Counseling and Diversity Essay

Abstract People of different cultures, including immigrants of today seem to differ from past generations in that they seek to retain many of their cultural values and are less interested in becoming homogenized within the U. S. culture. This distinctness can create a potentially complex situation for both the client and therapist who may differ substantially in their own cultural values. For successful therapy to take place, it is important for therapists to be culturally sensitive of clients and avoid stereotyping. Stereotyping is detrimental to the client/therapist relationship. Therefore, to minimize the risk of misunderstanding and misinterpreting our clients we should acknowledge the influence of culture and respond respectfully to these cultural differences, values, and beliefs. This paper will define counseling and diversity and its disparities such as stereotypes and how they can be influenced from a counselor’s perspective. This paper is an expression of my current thinking regarding a theoretical perspective of counseling and diversity. Introduction Counseling is a conversational process that can be instrumental in the development of skills that help those effectively confront and cope with uncertainties and conflicts. Counseling is for folks who are courageously facing their fears, who want more from their life, who want to expand their lives and achieve goals both personally and professionally. It’s a relationship that builds Confidence (Edwards, 2009 p90). Counseling is where a professional will give advice, opinions or direction based on what the patient has discussed with them. In some ways, a counselor could almost be seen as a guide. Counseling is done in an informal and comfortable environment where the patient is free to discuss what bothers them. They are free to express their feelings and emotions to someone they know are listening to them. It’s easy for people who don’t really know what counseling is to not realize there are many different types of counseling for different problems. Counseling is very much like therapy (Radcliff, 2009 p93) in that there are individual areas in which counseling focuses on. It is not simply one broad thing that one person covers. There are actually different subjects that different counselors will specialize in. There is marriage counseling, family counseling, career counseling, mental health counseling, substance abuse counseling, debt counseling, child development counseling and grief counseling, to name a few. Diversity means differences such as different religious beliefs, different cultural traditions, music, art, dancing etc. (Patchell & Broussard,2009,p88)In the context of society and culture, diversity is usually mentioned in discussing multicultural societies. What do people from other cultures contribute when they migrate and become part of a new society. Why should these different traditions and customs be valued? They enrich a society because they allow people to experience different thinking processes, to see that there is more than one way of approaching issues or living one’s life. Why is diversity important? Educating managers and staff on how to work effectively in a diverse environment helps the University prevent discrimination and promote inclusiveness. There is evidence that managing a diverse work force well can contribute to increased staff retention and productivity (Ogans, 2009 p91). It can enhance the organization’s responsiveness to an increasingly diverse world of customers, improve relations with the surrounding community, increase the organization’s ability to cope with change, and expand the creativity of the organization. In addition to contributing to these business goals, diversity can contribute to goals unique to the University as a public institution, such as increased accessibility and accountability to all residents of the state. Cultural Norms and Differences Cultural norms are behavior patterns that are typical of specific groups.

Avon Corporation Case Study

In order to begin to understand the industry in which Avon functions as well as the specifics around the introduction of the new EAS drive, I used the 5Cs analysis to outline the company’s current situation. Situation Analysis via the 5Cs: Company * Avon manufactured a number of electrical products * Sold products to both end users and OEMs * $6M in sales annually of the AVDC drives, lost sales to EAS drives Collaborators * Distributors and OEMs  ­ Avon could establish many more relationships once they can compete in more than just the AVDC drives, and can address the more price sensitive side of the market Customers * Three types of adjustable speed drives: MAS, EAS and AVDC, with different applications and price levels * Some of Avon’s customers required EAS drives for their business and Avon lacked this line Competitors * 7 companies manufactured MAS drives, with 2 accounting for 50% of sales (gross margins of 20%) * 5 companies manufactured EAS drives, with 1 major player (gross margins of 50%) * 4 companies manufactured AVDC drives Context * Avon’s new EAS design was different but not patentable and could be replicated by a competitor in approximately 2 years * For m any of the MAS and EAS companies, the drives were its major product Based on this analysis, it is clear that the competitive landscape is going to play a key part in determining initial pricing of the new drive. There are a number of existing players in the space who will want to defend their territory. In order to build a bigger market for the EAS drive, Avon will have to steal customers from both the MAS manufacturers, existing EAS drives in the marketplace as well as potentially cannibalize some of their own AVDC sales. The total market size of all drives was $269M, with the MAS segment accounting for more than 50%. However according to the research performed, if the new EAS drive was introduced at the MAS price of $3750, than the EAS market would grow to $135M. Avon estimated that they could take 50%

Malcom X Summary

Malcolm X’s Prison Education Malcolm X was an African American Muslim minister who, as a teen, spent most of his time hustling people and getting into trouble. This soon landed him in prison. During his prison sentence he became self-educated, which led him to be an articulate speaker, to discover the true history of African American slaves, and to become a strong advocator of human rights. Malcolm X’s â€Å"A Homemade Education†, starts off in a soft and calm tone. X uses a persuasive style narrative from the Autobiography of Malcolm X to share his story.By the end of the essay his tone has changed to a more angry and demanding style. While in prison, X explains how he began writing letters to Mr. Elijah Muhammad, a Muslim leader, but, not being able to write in an articulate manner, X began getting frustrated because he could not express what he wanted to say. He also states that he could not keep a conversation with his prison friend Bimbi or even understand t he books he read because of his lack of knowledge.X says that he got a hold of a dictionary and began to copy word for word everything, learning more words and what they meant. He also says went to the prison library and read books about science, history, and slavery. X was most inspired by Mr. Muhammad’s teachings. X explains that in one of Mr. Muhammad’s teachings, Mr. Muhammad stressed how history had been â€Å"whitened,† in other words, that black history was left out of history books (95). He says he immediately began to search in the library for books that would inform him about black history.He says he read many books about black history and the early struggles for freedom. X states he will never forget how shocked he was when he read about the brutality of slavery or the illustrations of black slave women being tied up and beaten, children being taken away from families, and dogs hunting down slaves. X explains how he read books about the histories of v arious nations and learned that the white men had made all non-white people suffer, especially in India and China.He explains how the British white man controlled much of India and how people of India refused to obey orders and were beaten and killed. X also explains the Opium War in China and that some observers in China have reported that the world had never known such a hate campaign as is now going on in this non-white country (98). Reading about the various histories of the world, X found a common theme; white men were not liked by many civilizations. X states that he never knew that reading in prison would change the course of his life.He says his homemade education has given him more than a college degree could ever give him and that it is worth more than a college education because it is knowledge that no one can take away from him. Malcolm X states he has learned a lot from his reading about black history, he stresses that black men should not only fight for civil rights, b ut they need to think bigger and win their human rights. Works Cited X, Malcolm. â€Å"A Homemade Education. † The Conscious Reader. Ed. Caroline Shrodes, Michael Shugrue, Marc DiPaolo, Christian J. Matuschek. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, 2011. 92-100. Print.

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay

Beowulf An Epic Hero English Literature Essay While reading the epic poem of â€Å"Beowulf† the most important character is Beowulf which has the personality of an epic conqueror by performance of skills and bravery, durable reputation, and royal duty. In Beowulf it shows strange and nearly external ability and bravery at the assassination of Grendel, the Troll Wife, and the Dragon. Due to the brave killing of the useless creature Beowulf also becomes familiar to the idea of being fames. Beowulf as a model he must defend his people as a imperial responsibility. The poem starts with the slaughter of Grendel. In the slaughter of the unusually huge being Beowulf shows significant skills and bravery. Beowulf shows odd skill and bravery which this shows the beginning of an epic hero. Beowulf show bravery and ability by slaughter Grendel hand without a sword or a shield. The cause why Beowulf chooses to kill Grendel with no body armor to him it felt that he must not have any advantages over the monster of Grendel. By defeating Grendel without any armor Beowulf prove to the people that he really is brave and clever. Beowulf shows great skills and bravery when he supposedly defeats the Troll Wife which is the mother of Grendel. After killing all the Thanes in the Mead Hall to make a point to Beowulf say he was able to kill her with the Hrunting. After stabbing the Troll Wife and winning the battle. Once again Grendel demonstrates the personality of an epic hero. Beowulf also shows his bravery and skill while he was slaughtering the Dragon. In the killing of the Dragon, Beowulf was ready to give up his own live in order to slay the Dragon. In additional Beowulf traits shows him as an epic conqueror by taking care of his royal duty. Before the king kills himself he gave Beowulf his kingdom so he became the king when he died. Beowulf realizes his responsibility to rule and defend his kingdom, with his royal duties. Although he aged over time when he slaughter the dragon he must defend his people from it, itâ €™s is responsibility now that he is the king. In the next paragraph from Beowulf, Beowulf clarify why he have to carry out his royal duties. Hygelac offer Beowulf his family sword, as a way to repay him from the battle. The king decided to give Beowulf his land, because his sword as served him well. By means of his hands and tough sword blade, while Beowulf is delicate and aged once the Dragon came. Beowulf understands that he will repay his people by slaughter the Dragon. Beowulf believes that he was giving so much throughout his people and being able to kill the dragon was his royal duties to protect his kingdom. The slaughter of Grendel, the Troll wife, and the Dragon was including in his royal duty. Beowulf as well turns into adapting to the idea of endure reputation by taking royal obligation. Beowulf shows another trait of an epic hero during the idea of lasting reputation. The traits of enduring fame come about when Beowulf slaughters Grendel, The Troll Wife, and the Dra gon. Following the killing of Grendel and The Troll Wife Beowulf is looking upon as a hero by numerous of Thanes. When Beowulf murder Grendel, Beowulf stumble upon Heorot where he reward Beowulf with gold. While having a banquet in tribute of Beowulf, they told him to put on riches with true superior determination this will increase and do well and establish your strength. Beowulf has received the respect as a hero. Fate showed hold on life when it comes to an end. Beowulf also becomes familiar to the thought of endure reputation with the land that is given to Beowulf to rule. Beowulf receives tribute when he dies. At the ending of the heroic poem, Beowulf’s people are sad, and keep on being sad while promising that his kingdom will always remember him as an epic hero Beowulf. The entire trait mentioned early proves Beowulf as an epic hero. Beowulf shows ability and bravery, lasting fame, and caring out his royal duties; all these personality show that Beowulf is an epic hero . By slaughter Grendel, and the Dragon, Beowulf demonstrate ability and bravery to his people by demonstrate his force and survival. As a result of slaughter the Dragon even while Beowulf knows that the ending will possibly show the way to the death he shows the traits of his royal duty. The king offer Beowulf his kingdom to rule it as a result of his great reputation. All these are personality of an epic hero, which Beowulf was a great epic hero.

Social Learning Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Learning Theory - Assignment Example Thus, it is through modeling and repeating or doing things that are already done by others is an important way a child learns different behaviors and adopt certain attitudes. However, while observing and modeling, one feature that is in a continuous functioning state is the child’s own cognition. The cognition works in a way that if a child sees someone getting acknowledgement and rewards upon his behavior or deed, the child would him/herself like to receive the same kind of acknowledgement and appreciation from others. This desire leads the child to incorporate the same attitude in his daily practice so that he too can be socially recognized and accepted. Once the child gets success due to the modeled behavior, he learns to practice the same thing throughout his lifespan. The problem might occur when the child is not able to model the exact behavior to receive acknowledgement. In such a situation, he/she modifies the same behavior multiple times and in multiple ways as long a s he might achieve success. In the same way, punishment and discouragement act as negative stimulators for the child not to adopt a certain behavior if someone else is punished on its basis (Cicchetti, 2006). From the above explanation, theorists (Berger, 2008) conclude that a child makes his own set of behaviors and rules based on the consequences that he sees happening to others, which includes praise, rewards, rejection, or criticism. These consequences become their guiding principles to adopt or reject certain behaviors.... These experiences, moreover, should be directly observed by the children in order to learn. If the experiences happen to a child’s peers, then only it has a great tendency to be adopted since children associate themselves more with peers and friends than anyone else. Furthermore, they learn to do things, which their peers think are good and acceptable; and disapprove of things, which their peers do not like. A developing child learns in two different ways (Berger, 2008); one through their peers and the other important way is through their parents and other adults who have a significant impact over the child’s life. Since the child’s early learning is at his home, thus, during that phase of his life, he already develops certain dos and don’ts for himself that act as guiding principles over which he assesses others’ behaviors to be adopted or rejected. The values that he sees being followed at his home are automatically instilled in his life and daily routine. Here again, observation plays a vital role in the instillation of values and family mores. Therefore, a child who sees his parents fighting all the time and never experiences a peaceful home environment would have less social bonding with others than a child experiencing an otherwise environment would. In the same way, the level of expectations that a child holds also shapes according to the environment he gets around him. A child with less loving parents would not expect others too to show love and care towards him than child who has always been pampered and overly loved by his parents and other adults of his family. In addition, the level of belief and confidence that the child possesses about him is influenced by these

Aboriginal history in north america-the circle of life with mention of Essay

Aboriginal history in north america-the circle of life with mention of the medicine wheel - Essay Example There were numerous ways in which the circle of life is interpreted, all of which illustrate the need for harmonious existence with others and nature. The medicine wheel is a physical manifestation of spiritual energy, through which one can visualize surrounding events, which allowed the Aboriginals to be in harmony with the self and nature by creating notions of new life and renewal (Liebmann 69). The circle illustrates continuity of nature and in human beings, while the four points bear different meanings, for instance, nature’s four elements that are: fire, earth, air and water are all part of the same physical world and should be respected (The Sacred Foundation of Aboriginal Education 5). In addition, it is indicative of human development stages as well as the human potentialities, which include mental, physical, emotional and spiritual. The circle of life also teaches that the symbolic races are part of the same human family, and should live in harmony as brothers and sisters. In this regard, as the Europeans explored the new territory, they would be compelled to respect nature and other races present before them. Thus, the Aboriginal people continued with their beliefs regardless of the prevailing new influence and culture (Bramadat and Seljak 266). Winnipeg, Manitoba. Cultural & Spiritual Values The Sacred Foundation of Aboriginal Education 2012, Sustaining our Ways: Educating for Sustainability. 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012.

A4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A4 - Essay Example Staff may normally read legal correspondence only if the Governor suspects that their it could harm prison security, or the safety of others, or are otherwise of a criminal nature. In this case the prisoner involved shall be given the opportunity to be present and informed that their correspondence is to be read. Mr. Daly, a long term convict has objected to the checking of prisoners’ legal correspondence in their absence. He submits that section 47(1) of the Prison Act 1952, which empowers the Secretary of State to make rules for the regulation of prisons and for the discipline and control of prisoners, does not authorise the laying down and implementation of such a policy . â€Å"The requirement that a prisoner may not be present when his legally privileged correspondence is examined by prison officers,† is the clause to which he has objected strongly. He feels this is not only against the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, but also a violation of common law for human rights. On 9 September 1994, six category A prisoners, (who were as classified as presenting an exceptional risk) escaped from the Special Security Unit at HMP Whitemoor. This happened because over a period of time, prisoners and staff had become familiar with each other and the security checks had become less vigilant. "inspite of the deprivation of his general liberty, a prisoner still has rights related to the nature and conduct of his imprisonment . . . and can take the option of courts unless some statute decrees otherwise." In its report the inquiry team made a number of recommendations. One of these was that cells and property should be searched at frequent but irregular intervals. Following a strip search, each prisoner was to be excluded from his cell during the search, to avoid intimidation. However,

Jazz Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jazz - Article Example The fundamental nature of jazz lies in improvisation, defined as the art of making music through the spur-of-the-moment invention of ideas. Jazz relies upon the artist/performer to create music that is neither written nor practiced, but shaped from the heart and soul for that at that particular moment in time. Through this method, Jazz has proven to be the type of music that evokes thought and emotions through a shared experience between the artist/performer and listener/audience. As a function of this, the following analysis will seek to discuss, analyze, and draw inference from a particular jazz concert that was visited by this particular student. I was privileged to have an old friend of mine invite me to a Jazz concert on March 26th at ‘Lucy’s 51’ in Toluca Lake. Toluca Lake is a district that lies 12 miles to the northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The first thing I noticed as I walked in was the electronic and acoustic instruments, as well as the formal attir e that the performers adorned. The group consisted of a total of three players and the instruments ranged from an electric guitar, drum and the bass. This was of course somewhat different than I was used to do to the fact that many of the concerts that I’ve been to previously were performed by either a string quartet or a full symphony orchestra. This of course helps to integrate the understanding that the form of music that I was about to experience was necessarily modern and did not rely upon the acoustic power that the instrument in an of itself could generate. These aspects were creatively woven to produce a magnificent concert that incorporated a series of four different songs that were performed beautifully.   John Pisano was on the guitar, Jamie Findlay was acting as the guest guitarist, while John Belzaguy was on the bass, and lastly but not least was Tim Pleasant on the drums. Each of the selection of songs that were played could be classified as jazz even though e ach piece employed its own specific and unique sound. This further helps to demonstrate the broad range of musical style as well as musicianship that is exhibited within the jazz genre of music. This was somewhat surprising to me due to the fact that jazz has only been able to develop and evolve over a relatively short period of time. As compared to classical music, that is had many centuries to develop different styles and forms a musicianship, Jazz ultimately reached its peak levels of popularity and development within what can be considered a short period of time. The crowd was generally dressed casually and had a wide variety of listeners, ranging from young people to much older ones. What I quickly noticed was that the environment was not as quiet as I had expected it would be. I had done a bit of research into Jazz music prior to the concert and I expected the audience to be dead quiet and listening attentively to the music. This was not the case as part of the crowd was unbea rably noisy as compared to other concerts I have been to. This select part of the crowd did not seem to appreciate the truly beautiful music that was being performed. In past concerts I have been in, loud conversations and disruptive noises were not allowed as this was seen to be distracting the performers as well as the audience who were listening attenti

Risk Management Plan in hospital (2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Risk Management Plan in hospital (2) - Essay Example Administrative control Cost containment Part of the business plan for the hospital Hospital Risk Management: Operative Activities Risk identification Preparation for emergencies and disaster Proper discharge and appropriate patient transfer Attainment of informed patient consent Optimal medical staff monitoring and peer review Claims investigation and claims management Specific disease policies Administrative Control Administration Operation Environmental concerns Patient care Medical ancillary departments Legal and ethical issues Financing for these activities Scope Cost containment Counteracting spiraling risk associated costs Specific risks and their solutions Improvement in stakeholder satisfaction Integration with quality assessment Specific Risks Liability risks Malpractice suits Local legislation and regulations Financing and insuring risks Risk prevention Transfer techniques Patients' rights Accidental falls Property damage Reduction in cash flow Employee benefit risks Lowering community image Objectives A confident decision making and planning to ensure patient safety Analysis of patient safety issues and policies yields accurate identification of opportunities and threats Appraisal of uncertainty and variability of scenarios and extracting meaning out of them Proactive management and planning targeted at prevention Uniform and legitimate allocation of resources in synchronization with quality policies of the hospital Efficient management of adverse incidents leading to cost cutting and loss prevention Enhanced stakeholder trust, reputation of hospital, and confidence building in potential future customers Conformity to legislative and legal frameworks Smooth and effective corporate and clinical...From that perspective, while dealing with the issues related to patient safety, it must be considered that most medical and nursing professionals are aware about the issues related to patient safety. Studies of other high-risk industries and human factor engineering have led to advancement of knowledge about how mistakes and errors can lead to compromise in patient safety while cared for in a hospital. Indeed, the issues with patient safety are very closely linked with quality of care delivered, and medical profession is ethically bound by the principles of no harm. Current knowledge indicates that many people admitted to the hospital may suffer an injury resulting from error or negligence on the part of caregiver, for which not only the hospital, but also healthcare professional is responsible leading to liabilities. These are known as adverse events, and a risk management plan drawn on the current scenario of the care in the hospital wo uld be legitimate. In this assignment drawing on the AS/ANZ 4360:2004 as developed in HB436:2004, a risk management plan for patient safety in this writer's hospital will be developed with appropriate arguments for all steps of the plan. Connection of the context with the hospital's internal policies of safety risk solutions, quality control, goals, and objec

Hanson was hailed as an example of how the effective use of management Essay - 1

Hanson was hailed as an example of how the effective use of management resources can lead to success. Explain the growth of Hanson highlighting both internal an - Essay Example and as a result gain above average earnings and returns, this strategy states that the firm has to first identify the potential resources that will lead to growth, the next step is to evaluate these resources on whether they are valuable, rare, the ability to control these resources and whether the resources can gain value in the future. According to this strategy the firm will select an attractive industry to invest where the firm will have the opportunity to fully exploit its resources. The firm will also have to be capable of integrating their resource to perform tasks which will help the firm gain competitive advantage over its rivals. Chandler (1960) introduced the strategy and structure theory which stated that organisations were the agents of the industry, for this reason therefore the organisations determined industrial transformation, according to this theory the market mechanism is replaced by the enterprises which allocate resources and coordinate activities, in his view the invisible hand in the market is replaced by the visible hand of management. This strategy also states that the organisation moves from an unmanaged form of organisation to a managed form of organisation and for this reason management becomes a source of power to the organisation because management ensures continuous growth. Hanson stated that his management skills could be applied to any industry in the economy, his growth strategy was based on a number of objectives and strategy which can be referred to as conglomerate strategy, he chose companies were located in the US or in the UK. After acquiring these companies Hanson would reorganise the company to achieve high levels of earnings and the company would gain value, after the organisation gained value he would sell the company at a higher price than he acquired it. When the company was acquired he would undertake strategies that would oversee the growth of the organisation, the growth of the organisation was made possible by

Reducing your carbon footprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reducing your carbon footprint - Research Paper Example The term itself, Carbon Footprint, has very little to do with drawings or the footsteps we make in the sand. In this case, the term is a metaphor for the way that our activities impact the resources of the planet. Carbon Footprints relate to the way we use the natural resources of the planet and how fast we use it. Therefore, a Carbon Footprint: â€Å"... is a shorthand to describe the best estimate that we can get of the full climate change impact of something. That something could be anything – an activity, an item, a lifestyle, a company, a country or even the whole world.† (Berners - Lee, Mike â€Å"What is a Carbon Footprint?†). Using this definition, it is easy to understand that we all participate in releasing carbon emissions and leaving our carbon footprints on the planet. Everything we do, from breathing to throwing away a piece of chewed up gum, has a direct effect on the health of the planet and our environment overall. That is why it is of the utmost importance that we learn to reduce our carbon footprints as we live our lifetime. Global warming is the method by which our planet is letting us know that it is ill. Since the signs of illness exist, it is up to us to cure it of the illness. Unlike human beings who can go to doctors for medication, our planet works differently. We are all its doctor. Our actions can either cure the illnes of make everything worse. According to Hayley Morris, founder and director of Impact Sustainability: Effective carbon management strategies along with corporate social responsibility provide us, as individuals and as businesses, with the foundation to ease that pressure and reduce the size of our carbon footprint that is stamping down on the tail of our beloved environment. Until recently as a society we have been coasting along the same old road, consuming every part of the environment we can possibly get our hands on without any regard for or awareness of the damage we may be doing to it (Morris , Hayley â€Å"reducing Carbon Footprint Benefits You and the Environment†). In other words, we are the cause of what is ailing the planet. By actively pursuing activities that increase carbon emissions into the air and decrease the planet's ability to reproduce our needed natural supplies such as food and chemicals for exygen creation, we are stifling the planet's ability to grow and nurture our existence on it. Climate change is a serious problem that is directly affected by the carbon footprint emissions that we make. In order to slow down or cure the problem, we must strive towards reducing these carbon footprint emissions as best as we can. For starters, we can do simple things such as unplugging appliances when not in use, using public transport or biking once or twice a week to reduce carbon monoxide in the air, buying energy efficient appliances, and properly insulating our homes for the cold months. By implementing these changes, we will find that reducing our carbon footprints also has positive outcomes for us as individuals. For example, opting to walk or take a bike ride rather than taking the car of public transport during short trips will increase our physical activity. This will lead to â€Å"reduced obesity and heart disease among the population while also providing our environment with reduced global CO2 emissions, small particle pollution, noise, and injuries. Another health related benefit of reduced carbon footprints is that by making better dietary choices, such as

Describe the room youre in Essay Example for Free

Describe the room youre in Essay Still, a thick veil of cigarette smoke filtered my view of the dark, dank, desolate sitting room, and made the black walls appear grey. The early hours of the evening had consisted of me repeatedly lighting and leaving cigarettes to burn out between my fingers, not one of the twenty met my lips, as intended. The looming smoke crept slowly out of a miniscule hole in the top left hand corner of the window fame, to my right. I lazily calculated, judging by the time of the humungous clock on the wall opposite me, that Id been slumped on this icy black settee for over 9 hours now. Time moved slower than Id ever known it, it was gradually approaching 2:24am. There still remained a constant murmur of Freddie Mercury telling me he could dim the lights and sing me songs full of sad things- his voice leaked aimlessly from the 2 white headphones lying forgotten on the bitterly cold tiled floor. My dog sat protectively at my feet, staring at me. Awfully tired, but reluctant to leave me to sit alone. I edged forward on the settee, the music seemed louder from there. The distinct scent of the condolence flowers, which lay in a tattered heap on the coffee table in front of me, under my tear-drenched scarf, danced through both of my nostrils. It was surprisingly strong. I glanced down at the dog, who obviously saw this as an invitation to a far more comfortable seat. His black, shiny front legs, one at a time, slowly heaved his heavily muscled shoulders onto the settee beside me. Followed by his short hind legs, which failed to be able to push the remaining torso onto the slippery leather seat. His struggling eyes pleaded for a helping hand. I swung my right arm over his broad back and under his barrel-like rib cage, gripping tightly and pulling toward myself, he appreciatively licked my arm, and then settled next to me. After a few short moments, he sunk down into the settee and lolled his head onto my leg, where he stared back morosely at me, breathing in deeply and almost sighing as he forced breaths out. His brow furrowed into the form of self-pity and grief, now and then throwing the odd whimper at me. Hed always been good at mirroring my feelings. The wind was audibly picking up speed and strength, it angrily punched the windowpane several times, before giving in and sending a fleet of fat, hefty, hard-hitting rain drops to pummel the windowpane some more. The door was trembling from being harassed so fiercely by the wind, it bellowed and whistled, trying the door handle and rattling the lock. My heart felt the enraged booming of the thunder as it rolled through the thick black clouds, calling for the lightning. The room lit up, everything was visible for a few short seconds. Then, when the lightning clocked off, the quiet, lonely darkness carried on the remainder of his shift. A lone screw flew towards me, breezed past my right cheek and pinged off the wall behind me, as the French doors swung open with a sudden, monstrous clash. The aggressive wind had forced its way into the house, it bled through the building. It raced up the stairs, slamming doors in a childish fashion, while it ripped the photographs off the walls and crunched the glass in the frames, it spun around the curtains tearing them from the pole, as if it had a vendetta against the dicor. The hellish gale swirled tauntingly around me, pulling my cardigan and twirling my hair around my throat. The dog lunged onto my lap, and began to warn off the frosty blasts with a series of blood curdling, deep and defensive barks and snarls. Silence fell. I stood. Wrapping my cardigan around me tightly, and following my bodyguard of a dog, I peered out of the double doors and down the bleak corridor. The front door was closed. I returned to resume sitting on the sunken leather settee with my dog. As I sat, my left hand attempted to correct my windswept hair, while the right cradled my proud pet. I felt the beginnings of a snarl rekindling from the pit of his stomach; it rose up into his throat and gushed out between gritted teeth at the rain that spat spitefully at the window. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our  GCSE Miscellaneous  section. Download this essay Print Save Heres what a teacher thought of this essay 5  star(s)

Expatriation, expenses, advantages and disadvantages

Expatriation, expenses, advantages and disadvantages Expatriation, the practice of sending home country managers to other country locations, is a popular, albeit expensive practice among multinational corporations. Expatriates are charged with facilitating the bidirectional flow of knowledge and resources between company headquarters and overseas subsidiaries. Typically, the company expects its expatriate managers to infuse company philosophy into the local subsidiary, as well as to impose policies and procedures consistent with headquarter operations. They are often responsible for the movement of financial resources, whether this be physical capital or the ability to tap local debt and equity markets. They bring with them managerial as well as technical expertise, functional capabilities, or the training necessary to develop these among the local personnel, and structural and control systems. Among these are appraisal systems and motivational tools and incentives. Either while on assignment or upon repatriation, the expatriate should be able to share information with the parent company regarding local infrastructure, such as roads, housing conditions, and transportation systems. In addition, knowledge regarding the political climate, negotiating techniques, host government concerns, and consumer preferences is passed on to the parent. Finally, expatriates should learn a great deal about business practices specific to the regions where they have been assigned, including holidays and observances, accepted business attire, and the appropriate ways to communicate and socialize with co-workers and locals in general. Background: Given the rapid rise in the internationalization of markets, competition, and technology, expatriates—and in particular long-term expatriates—can provide much of the value-creation opportunities global firms are seeking. But as the numbers of assignments increases, along with their annual cost by some estimates, two-to-four times the individuals base salary, there is need to assure such assignments are being effectively utilized in achieving Companys strategic goals. Only 57 percent of the global firms responding to a 2005 survey by GMAC Relocation Services perceived their return on investment (ROI) in expatriates to be â€Å"good† or â€Å"excellent,† with only 43 percent indicating they had specific programs in place to improve it. Other surveys show that up to 85 percent of managers do not even attempt to demonstrate the ROI of long-term international assignments, nor do they measure it. Thus, expatriate ROI appears to be, not only rarely calculated among global firms but also not widely used as a tool to reduce expatriate costs, despite a growing economic environment of global uncertainty, cost cutting, and risk. Introduction: This report is designed to investigate effectiveness of expatriate remuneration in a multinational organization. For this purpose I have chosen ICI, as this company is operating in many European as well as Asian countries and still in continuation of expanding its operations. Goals for the expatriates in ICI, with the study carried to analyse the effectiveness in achieving those targets are featured in this small study. This study will examine how the expats are remunerated and what bases are used in doing so, furthermore basis opted for rewards system. Others matters considered alongside are considerations for the costs of family residency, insurances, childrens education, properties, and other expenses; including incentives. Gains and nuisances of the expats are issued for the consideration from expats points of view. Moreover explanation of the research methodology coupled with justification for the research is complied in. Due to the nature of the topic, secondary sources of information are used as the primary sources were difficult and time consuming. ICI has many expatriates around the world in various countries of different continents, which includes Asia, Europe- as required by its diverse operations. Sending expatriates on long term assignments is complicated as it triggers diverse needs (i.e. social needs, ethical issues, religions, family commitments and backgrounds, etc). Therefore on one side selecting, enticing, and retaining expatriate staff for long duration of their foreign assignment and on the other designing rewards system for such complex and diverse roles adds difficulties for the organization. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of expatriate remuneration at ICI. In order to achieve this aim, the following objectives have been set: * Develop a model for measuring expatriate remuneration. * To assess the current expatriate remuneration for ICI. * To conduct fieldwork and collect data on the effectiveness, ethics, etc. * Analyse the results of the fieldwork and present the results of the investigation. Model for measuring Expatriates Remuneration A large studies conducted by the researchers concluded that only 51 out of many global firms participating in the study desired to obtain an acceptable ROI from their expatriates. ROI determinations should also include nonfinancial costs and benefits in order to capture the long-term, post assignment benefits— such as skills transfer, global leadership capabilities, succession readiness, and other talent management objectives. McNulty and Tharenou have defined expatriate ROI as â€Å"a calculation in which the financial and nonfinancial benefits to the firm are compared with the financial and nonfinancial costs of the international assignment, as appropriate to the assignments purpose.†This definition implies two important conditions: * Managers must know the intent for using expatriates—how the purpose of an international assignment is linked to a firms overall global strategy—in order to then track the benefits and costs. * Managers must include both tangibles and intangibles when calculating and comparing costs and benefits. Accurate rates of return are then more likely to be determined when the benefits are compared with the costs, even if a cost is financial (e.g., the cost of cross-cultural training) and the corresponding benefit is nonfinancial (e.g., the benefit of improved performance). In turn, these conditions imply a robust system for creating, approving, documenting, tracking, and evaluating international assignments. Assessment the current expatriate remuneration for ICI During the course of my study I focused my study plan on remuneration of 10 Individuals designated as expatriates with a responsibility of transferring ICI system IT-based skills to other subsidiaries/ offices located across the regions. The individuals selected were salaried Approx. around  £ 4,000 per month during course of their normal office routine work. When and as employee designated as expat, a separate remuneration model was designed for each keeping in view the following * Working hours * Job specifications * Number of travels/locations to different sites * Period for which the expat assigned for the special assignment The model devised without considering as exception circumstances is illustrated below * If the expat tenure for the special assignment is for a period covering more than 2 years, the expat is allowed to take is family (wife and children) along, at his discretion. The salary package of the said expat will be 180% of his gross salary during this tenure. * If the expat tenure for the special assignment is for a period less than 2 years, the expat is not allowed to take is family at COs expense. However he will be allowed to claim return air tickets thrice a year with 20 days paid leaves and will be remunerated at 140% of his original gross salary. * All the medical and other facilities entitled to the employees during routine office duty shall retain and other expenditure related to the business such as travelling, out of pocket expenses shall be reimbursed to the employees. Problems faced by expatriate while implementing head office system/ rules * Expatriates were charged with either learning the host language or communicating through gestures or other non-verbal methods, or they may invoke the services of translators or interpreters * Psychological types of strains, including the negative psychological reactions of anxiety, anger, and frustration when not been able to deliver or transfer knowledge due to national/ regional differences. * Relationship between sociability and cross-cultural adjustment makes them feel alienated. * Understanding of the values and norms of the local nationals was hard to follow and observe.  · Patience was required to build the relationships and the trust. Fieldwork and Ethics Issues Meeting the Senior Manager Finance Manager during their valuable busy working hours and requesting them to give some guideline by providing knowledge about the Expats and the remuneration model designed for the assignments. Moreover during discussion session with the managers, I insisted on asking more details and insights that were not available documented, for which the senior manager was hesitant of doing so, as in their opinion certain information was very sensitive and arise tax sensitive issues. The analysis also involved use of companys IT resources like internet, desktop and other ancillary equipments. Moreover in gathering information about my research/field work I had to make certain quality compromises, as the information was not readily available and the management was hesitant over concerns regarding its secrecy. Following is the data gathered and analysed of the employees during their services as expats. Name of the Employee/Expat ID # Gross Salary Special Assignment Allotment Salary for m/o Dec ‘09 Medical Travel plus Misc Total John Desusa 345 3,500 140% 4,900 100 450 5,450 Ali Kirmani 6576 3,000 140% 4,200 1,110 367 5,677 Patric Mandela 356 4,000 140% 5,600 521 1,200 7,321 Keith Ronaldo 6787 5,000 140% 7,000 124 290 7,414 John Ferry 754 4,000 180% 7,200 413 300 7,913 Harban Bhaveja 7564 4,500 180% 8,100 20 394 8,514 Research Methodology: Data are analysed through primary and secondary data research. This is where financial value i.e. quantitative data or the brand image i.e. qualitative data for ICI will be inspected in those countries where expats are doing the work. This will be done by individual countries examination of customer base and/or business base; depending on what expats have been sent for and what is meant to be achieved there. Knowledge of all countries is brought together for expats as well as all costs incurred; are part of this study. It has complete similarities and differences within this duration of expatriation. These include currency evaluations differences in other countries and the amount that has been spent in those countries is worth the effort. However, this should mean that the expats are giving identical efficiency level as they would have while being in the UK in the away country depending on the targets being given. In most cases, ICI gives a smaller pay due to the economy being down. However, still pays well even after slump where GBP is strong. Data Collection Methods: Due to the nature of the topic, both primary and secondary sources equally provided appropriate and valuable information. Although using the former source was difficult and time consuming. Primary Source An interview was held with Mr. Zawan Navade Senior Finance Manager ICI. The primary purpose of this interview was to assess the potential benefits expats providing to the Organisation with the cost being incurred. Moreover, a meeting was arranged with the Human Resource Manager to gain information regarding the design of the remuneration packages related to the potential benefits to the entity. Secondary Sources These consisted of the following * Payroll Sheets * Documented Reward system * Special assignment contracts Limitations: Financial data by itself may not be sufficient for the purpose of my research work, therefore expert input from Companys senior executives was required but most of the information in my research report is secondary as I was not able to directly approach the companies executive all the time and have limited use of their valuable time due to their tight official schedules and their reservations.